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两权分离并非国企改革惟一出路/李华振

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两权分离并非国企改革惟一出路


李华振 刘卫华


本文原载全国工商联合总会刊物《中国商人》2003年8期



20多年的国企改革误区
改革开放以来的20多年里,中国的国企改革一直沿着“所有权与经营权分离”的方向进行,从中央政府到地方市县、从官方政策到学者研究,都津津乐道于“两权分离”。但20多年的实践却表明:两权分离并没有取得预期的效果,截至2002年底,国有企业仍没有大面积好转,“脱困”都似乎难以达到,更不用说长久的健康发展。
是什么原因导致国有企业两权分离的失灵?这个问题十分令人困惑。当初论证“国企应该彻底两权分离”时,曾列举了无数条有力的论据,主要有:(1)马克思主义经典作家早在19世纪前期就明确论述过现代工业大生产必然导致普遍的两权分离。(2)西方经济学家也认为由于股份制大公司逐渐成为主流,股东人数太多,将导致所有者无法直接控制企业,经理层将成为实际上的企业控制者,两权必然分离。(3)社会学者从专业化分工越来越细的趋势中,也认为国企必须进行彻底的两权分离。(4)计划经济的弊病根源,正在于国企的两权合一,所以商品经济(以及后来的市场经济)条件下必须对国企进行两权分离之改革。
国企的真正病根在哪里?
科斯定理表明,作为市场经济条件下的“理性经济人”,人们在进行某一项行为之前,会计算自己的效益,计算自己的投入产出。达到某一目标的方法有多个,人们会从中选择对“自己”(而不是对自己所在的组织)最有利的方法。在国有企业里,人们的个人利益及目标常常与组织(即国企)的利益及目标不致、相背离,在这些情况下,国企的利益对于主管官员及经营者而言,只不过是一种“外部性”因素;而他们自己的利益则是一种“内部化”因素。科斯定理深刻地揭示出:理性经济人只会积极关心内部化因素,而不会积极关心外部性因素。如此,便不难理解国企的真正病根之所在。
我国长期以来所进行的国企两权分离之改革,仅仅是廓清了政府与国企之间的关系,而没有理顺主管官员及经营者与政府及国企之间的关系。毫无疑问,政府与国企,二者都是组织机构而非自然人,只不过一个是“大”组织机构、一个是“小”组织机构。社会学表明,组织机构本身是没有生命、没有意志的,它不能象自然人那样去进行思考决策,所以,政府与国企都不能“直接”维护自身的利益。归根结底,还必须由主管官员和经营者“代理(代表)”政府及国企来进行决策。在“代理”的过程中,主管官员和经营者就会在外部性因素(即政府及国企利益)和内部化因素(即他们自己的利益)之中,关心后者而牺牲前者。
司法部“国有企业问题研究”及“公司治理结构专项研究”课题负责人、我国经济专家刘大洪指出:国企的真正病根在于它没有解决好“自然人”(即主管官员和经营者)与“组织机构”(即政府和国企)之间的利害关系问题,没有在“自然人”与“组织机构”之间搭建出一套行之有效的企业治理结构(包括外部结构和内部结构),没有使二者的外部性与内部化相趋同。两权分离之改革,仅仅在这个大的组织机构(即政府)与那个小的组织机构(即国企)之间进行,而没有深入到自然人与组织机构之间的关系之深层。这正是20多年的国企改革误区之所在。
桔生淮南淮北:两权分离的中西比较
两权分离在西方也普遍存在,尤其是上市公司中更是典型。西方的两权分离为何能取得较好的效果?我国学者型企业家、永诚实业集团董事长刘孟奇指出:根本原因在于西方企业的最终所有者并不是组织机构,而是确定的自然人,这些自然人不存在“外部性风险”,他们所拥有的是一种“内部化产权”,他们可以对自己的产权作出决策;即使通过代理人或代理机构来行使自己的产权,他们也能有效地监督代理者,从而较好地维护自己的所有权。因此,西方的两权分离只会在一个环节上产生“代理风险”,即经营者代理风险。这个环节的风险相对来说容易控制一些,可以通过更换新的、胜任的经营者来解决。
而中国国企的所有者是国家(政府),如前所析,政府本身并不是自然人,它无法直接行使所有权,必须通过主管官员的代理来进行。这样,国企就存在两个环节的“代理风险”,即主管官员代理风险、经营者代理风险。
桔生淮南则为桔,生于淮北则为枳。西方的两权分离只在一个环节(经营者代理)上产生风险,经营者环节出了问题,只不过是下游,可以通过迅速更换经营者来解决。而中国国企除了经营者环节之外,还会在所有者环节(通过主管官员的代理)产生风险,这个环节是上游,是根源,一旦出了问题,它会导致整个链条的崩溃。
西方兴起“两权合一”浪潮
实际上,两权分离并不是完美的、唯一的选择。早在1776年,亚当·斯密在《国民财富的性质和原因的研究》中就发现:在两权分离的企业中,经营者是在“使用别人的而不是自己的钱财,也就不可能盼望他们会有像私人公司那样的警觉性去管理企业”。但这种“异样的声音”被淹没在近现代飞速发展的大工业浪潮里,因为公司规模的庞大导致了普遍的两权分离。
但后来,西方实行两权分离的公司屡屡发生经营者腐败、经理层侵害公司和股东利益、大股东操纵公司损害中小股东、甚至跨国公司被内部人搞垮等等恶性事件。西方经济学家对此进行了认真分析,于是产生了今天广为人知的科斯定理。在这样的社会背景及理论分析之下,西方兴起了“中小企业将成为21世纪主流企业”的浪潮,许多大公司也因此而化大为小、化整为散,集团式大企业也不再是传统的“总分公司制”,纷纷改成“母子公司制”。(总分公司制中,分公司不是独立法人;而母子公司制中,各个子公司都是独立的中小型企业法人。)
这种做法可以避免两权分离带来的种种弊端。中小企业由于规模相对较小,所有者就能够直接有效地监控企业经营,防范经营者风险。大多数中小企业里,两权是合一的,所有者同时也是高层经营者。(注意:所有权与经营权合一,并不是所有权与法人财产权合一;从法律的技术层面上讲,法人财产权是必须独立的、不得受所有者非法操纵。法人财产权不等于经营权。)
西方的“两权合一”浪潮,有力地证明了一个事实:两权分离并不是解决中国国企深层症结的灵丹妙药,中国20多年的国企改革并没有抓住问题的深层本质。
国企新出路:虚拟私有化改革
为了使中国具备“淮南”的气候及土壤,以便于“桔树”在中国真正结出“桔”而非“枳”,一些人主张中国国企迅速、彻底、全面进行私有化产权运动。但是,中国国情又要求私有化产权运动必须慎行、缓行。在这种两难处境下,“虚拟私有化”倒不失为一种新出路。我国经济法专家刘大洪指出,传统的公有化之所以缺乏活力,是因为它否认、排斥国有企业经营者的合理私权,薪酬僵死,国企经营者不能通过合法的正常途径来主张、获取相关私权,于是就产生了两种后果:一种是营私舞弊,“积极地搞垮国企”;另一种是虽然不侵吞国资,但丧失经营热情,碌碌无为,“消极地拖垮国企”。从公司治理结构的角度讲,正是由于这个原因,使国企不具有私企的“经营欲望和活力”。
西方的私有化是一种“实在的私有化”,是彻底的私有化。它虽然能有效地解决公司治理结构中的问题,能孵生出当今发达的市场经济,但它并不是“放之四海而皆准的”通用规则,它不适于目前的中国国情。西方的实在私有化,其精髓之处并不在于私有,而在于它能激励“确定的人”去关心、维护、监督企业的经营状态,使企业向“好的方向”发展,最终,也就使整个国民经济向上提升而不是向下坠落。所以,只要能找到一个(些)胜任的“确定的人”来经营企业、监督企业,就能使企业充满活力。在国有制的基础上,允许并鼓励优秀的国企经营者拥有企业股份,使他们也成为国企的股东。根据科斯定理,一旦外部性实现了内部化,就能激励他们关心国企的经营状况,最终,他们获得了丰厚私利,国企也得到了良好发展,国有资产也实现了保值、增值。
与“实在私有化”相应,“虚拟私有化”在本质上并不是私有化,仍是公有化(或国有化),形象点说,它是“披着私有化外衣的公有化”。这种做法中,私人股份是从国有股份中派生出来的,整个企业的股份结构中既有国有股、也有私有股,是一种混合所有制。它并不是西方式的彻底实在私有化,但同样能实现其精髓(即激励“确定的人”去关心、维护、监督企业的经营状况),因而,可以称之为虚拟私有化。
除了对“经营者代理环节”进行虚拟私有化改革之外,还必须对国企“所有者代理环节”进行同样的改革。方法是:改革旧有的国有资产管理模式,不再搞分散式管理,而是由专门的统一的部门来管理,该部门实行委员会制,每个官员(委员)都分别负责一个或几个国企,并拥有其所负责的国企的一定股份,这样,把主管官员的外部性也内部化了,他们也象经营者一样成了国企的私人股东,为了自身的股权利益,他们会比较尽职尽责、减少腐败行为。同时,通过专项立法来规定这些官员一旦渎职、失察所应负的法律责任,从民事责任到行政责任、直至刑事责任。
这样,在两个环节上都进行虚拟私有化改革,就可以有效治理国企的“所有者缺位”和“经营者缺位”,通过重奖重罚来促使主管官员和经营者以“维护自己利益”的心态来关心国企绩效。最终,虚拟私有者和国家所有者实现双赢共利。这种措施从表面上看,是使一部分国有资产“流失”到了私人手中,但只要能有效解决国企的顽疾,这点代价是值得的,也是必须的。用一个苹果大的虚拟私有化代价去赢得一个西瓜大的国企优绩,这根本不是国资流失,而是增值。相反,如果因为舍不得一个苹果而失去一个西瓜,那才是真正地对国资不负责任。







作者简介:
李华振,河南人,祖籍安徽,中南财经政法大学经济法研究生部,财经作家,2003年度“十大智业人物”之一,在国家级经济类杂志上发表文章280余篇,并多次被人大报刊资料中心转载,见于北京社科院学报《北京社会科学》(季刊)、《人民日报之中国经济快讯(理论版)》、新华社《经济世界》、《中国经贸》、《中国商界》、《政策与管理》、《经济导刊》、《财经报道》、《企业研究》等刊。
曾任多家集团公司、上市公司的战略企划中心总经理,被多家杂志以“封面人物”进行报道。现把主要精力放在学术上,在我国著名经济法专家刘大洪教授主持的国务院司法部“中国公司治理结构课题研究”、“中国国有企业问题专项研究”等课题组中从事研究工作。
作者联系方式:lhzlwh@yahoo.com.cn 或 lhzlwh@21cn.com.cn


外债登记实施细则(附英文)

国家外汇管理局


外债登记实施细则(附英文)
国家外汇管理局



(1989年11月10日国家外汇管理局发布)


第一条 为了贯彻执行《外债统计监测暂行规定》(以下简称《规定》),制定本细则。
第二条 外债系指直接从国外筹借并需以外国货币承担的具有契约性偿还义务的全部债务。具体内容包括:
(一)国际金融组织贷款:指国际货币基金组织、世界银行、亚洲开发银行、联合国农业发展基金会和其他国际性、地区性金融组织提供的贷款;
(二)外国政府贷款:指外国政府向我国提供的官方发展援助贷款;
(三)外国银行及非银行金融机构贷款:指境外银行、其他非银行金融机构及银团组织等提供的贷款;
(四)买方信贷:指发放出口信贷的外国银行向我国进口部门或银行提供的,用以购买出口国设备的贷款;
(五)外国企业贷款:指境外非金融机构提供的贷款;
(六)发行外币债券:指境内机构在境外资金市场上发行的,以外币表示券面金额的债券;
(七)国际金融租赁:指境外租赁机构向境内机构提供的融资性租赁;
(八)延期付款:指国外出口商向国内进口部门提供的,在进口货物入境三个月以后,进口企业才对外支付货款的融通;
(九)补偿贸易中直接以现汇偿还的债务:指补偿贸易合同规定以现汇偿还或经批准因故将商品偿还更改为现汇偿还的债务,包括用出口收汇补偿的债务。
(十)其他形式的外债,包括:
1.境内金融机构吸收的境外机构或私人的外币存款;
2.境内企业(包括外商投资企业)向境内外资或中外合资银行的借款等。此外,以下情况亦视为外债:
1.已在境外注册的机构以各种形式调入境内,需境内机构实际偿还的债务;
2.未在境外注册的驻外机构的对外债务;
3.外商投资企业以外方名义向外借款,所借款项用于企业股本以外的资金或设备投入,外方与企业间有合同或其他具有法律约束力的文件规定由该企业负责偿还的债务;
4.中方为外方债务出具担保,由中方实际履行偿还义务的债务;
5.外商独资企业对其母公司的债务。
第三条 国家外汇管理局及其分局为全国外债登记和管理部门(以下简称登记部门)。国家外汇管理局负责在北京的国务院各部委、公司以及银行和非银行金融机构总部的外债登记工作;各地外汇管理分局负责当地政府、金融机构和企事业单位以及中央驻地方单位、金融机构总部的外
债登记工作。
未在境外注册的驻外机构的对外借款,由派出机构所在地的外汇管理局负责登记。
第四条 外债登记分为逐笔登记和定期登记。
定期登记外债是指:国内银行和非银行金融机构借入的外债;财政部、经贸部、中国人民银行、农业部、中国银行分别负责的外国政府贷款和国际金融组织贷款。
逐笔登记外债是指:除定期登记以外的国内其他部门、企业(包括外商投资企业)借用的外债。
企事业单位委托金融机构的对外借款,由借款合同规定的债务人办理登记。
第五条 定期登记手续为:
(一)借款单位在第一笔借款合同签订后的十五天内,到所在地外汇管理部门办理登记手续,领取定期登记的《外债登记证》(以下简称《登记证》)。
(二)当新签借款契约或债务发生提款、偿还等变动情况时,借款单位应按月分别填写“外债签约情况表”和“外债变动反馈表”(以下简称反馈表),并于每月后五日内上报登记部门。
(三)借款单位需要开立现汇帐户时,应凭《登记证》和登记部门开出的开户批准书到指定开户行(以下简称开户行)办理开立外债专用现汇帐户(以下简称外债专户)手续,并于次日将回执寄送登记部门。
第六条 逐笔登记的手续为:
(一)借款单位在借款合同签约后十五天内,持借款合同副本和对外借款批件(外商投资企业不需批件),到登记部门办理外债登记手续,领取逐笔登记的《登记证》。
(二)在借款调入境内时,借款单位应凭汇款通知单和《登记证》到开户行开立外债专户,办理入帐手续。
(三)债务到期还本付息时,借款单位应持《登记证》和还本付息通知单,提前到登记部门领取还本付息核准件,凭核准件和《登记证》到开户行办理从外债专户汇出本息手续。
(四)在办理收付和开户手续后,借款单位应依据开户行开出的收付凭证填写“反馈表”,并于次日将“反馈表”、存款凭证影印件报送登记部门。
(五)借用非调入现汇而需从境内汇出借款本息的非调入形式债务的单位,应在债务实际发生后,填写“反馈表”,于次日将“反馈表”影印件寄送登记部门。在债务到期还本付息时,应凭登记部门的核准件到开户行开立“外债还本付息专用现汇帐户”(以下简称还本付息专户),办
理汇出本息手续。
(六)经国家外汇管理局或其分局批准,将借款存放境外的单位,应每月通过“反馈表”向原登记部门报送当月存款变动情况。
(七)境内机构向在华外资银行、中外合资银行借款,可以不另设帐户,但借款单位必须按有关规定履行登记和报送“反馈表”手续。
(八)在本地领取《登记证》的借款单位,如必须在异地银行办理开户、还本付息手续时,可先持本地登记部门开出的《登记证》到异地登记部门办理还本付息核准手续,异地开户行在办理手续三天后,将支付凭证的影印件报送原登记部门。
第七条 在《登记证》上记载的债务最后一次还本付息后,开户行应立即注销其“外债专户”和“还本付息专户”。借款单位应在十五天内向发证的登记部门缴销《登记证》。
第八条 开户行须具备下列条件:
(一)获准经营外汇业务的国内银行;
(二)能密切配合登记部门搞好外债监测工作。
国家外汇管理局及其分局按照业务需要指定开户行。
第九条 开户行应履行下列职责:
(一)监督帐户的使用。应保证:汇入“外债专户”、“还本付息专户”的外汇资金仅限于《登记证》上记载的款项;从其他帐户划入或存入的外汇资金仅限于支付借项目所需的设备、劳务、偿还本息以及经登记部门同意的其他用途。
(二)凭《登记证》和核准件办理债务的调入、偿还手续,并在办理手续后,按要求将收付凭证于次日报送登记部门。
(三)监督所有逐笔登记的外债在调入借款和还本付息时,都必须通过“外债专户”和“还本付息专户”办理。
第十条 违反本细则有下列行为之一的,所在地外汇管理局可根据情节轻重,对有关当事人处以最高不超过所涉及外债金额3%的等值人民币罚款:
(一)故意不办理或拖延办理外债登记手续的;
(二)拒绝向外汇管理局报送或隐瞒、虚报、两次以上迟报“反馈表”的;
(三)伪造、涂改《登记证》的;
(四)擅自开立或保留“外债专户”、“还本付息专户”和所借外债不经过“外债专户”、“还本付息专户”还本付息的,应对借款人和开户行双方进行罚款。
第十一条 本细则由国家外汇管理局负责解释。
第十二条 本细则自公布之日起施行。


(Promulgated by the State Administration of Exchange Control onNovember 10, 1989)

Whole document

RULES FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF REGISTRATION OF EXTERNAL DEBTS
(Promulgated by the State Administration of Exchange Control on November
10, 1989)
Article 1
These Rules are formulated in order to implement the Interim
Provisions for the Statistical Work and Supervision of External Debts
(hereinafter referred to as the Provisions).
Article 2
External debts refer to any liabilities resulting from borrowing
abroad for which contractual repayments in foreign currencies are
required. They include:
(1) Loans from international monetary institutions, namely, loans
from the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, the Asian
Development Bank, the International Agriculture Development Fund and other
international or regional monetary institutions;
(2) Loans from foreign governments, namely, loans provided by foreign
governments in the form of official development assistance to China;
(3) Loans from foreign banks and non-bank financial institutions,
namely, loans from banks, non-bank financial institutions and syndicates
which operate outside China;
(4) Buyer's credit, namely, loans provided by foreign banks offering
export credit for Chinese importing departments or banks to buy equipment
from exporting countries;
(5) Foreign enterprise loans, namely, loans provided by foreign
enterprises that are not financial institutions;
(6) Issuance of foreign currency bonds, which refer to bonds with
denomination values in foreign currencies issued by domestic institutions
on money markets outside China;
(7) International monetary leasing, namely, leases of a fund-raising
nature provided by foreign leasing institutions for domestic institutions;
(8) Delay payment, which refers to a preferential term offered by
foreign exporters to domestic importing departments for the importers to
pay for the goods with a delay of 3 months after the goods have arrived in
China;
(9) Liabilities arising in compensation trade to be repaid directly in
cash, namely, liabilities to be repaid in cash as is stipulated in
compensation trade contracts or liabilities for which repayment is altered
to be in cash instead of in kind (goods) due to certain reason and with
approval, including liabilities to be repaid with export earnings in
foreign exchange.

(10) External debts in other forms, including:
① Foreign currency deposits in domestic monetary institutions by
institutions or individuals abroad;
② Loans obtained by domestic enterprises (including foreign
investment enterprises) from foreign or Chinese-foreign joint-venture
banks which operate in China. Apart from all these, also regarded as
external debts are the following:
① Liabilities transferred into China in various forms by externally
registered institutions, which are to be repaid by domestic institutions;
② External liabilities of Chinese institutions based abroad without
external registration;
③ Foreign loans borrowed by a foreign investment enterprise in the
name of the foreign side of the enterprise to be used as input in funds or
equipment outside the capital investment, which are to be repaid by the
enterprise as is required by a contract signed between the foreign side
and the enterprise or any other legal documents;
④ Liabilities of a foreign debtor for whom a Chinese side has
provided guarantee, and for which the repayment is to be actually made by
the Chinese side;
⑤ Liabilities owned by a wholly foreign-owned enterprise to its
parent company.

Article 3
The State Administration of Exchange Control and its branch offices
are the departments in charge of the registration and administration of
external debts in the country (hereinafter referred to as the registering
departments). The State Administration of Exchange Control takes charge of
the registration of external debts incurred by the ministries and
commissions under the State Council, corporations, banks and head offices
of non-bank financial institutions, which are all based in Beijing, and
its branch offices in localities take charge of the registration of
external debts incurred by local governments, monetary institutions, as
well as units of central departments and head offices of monetary
institutions based in localities.
External debts incurred by a Chinese institution based abroad without
external registration shall be registered by the administration of
exchange control of the locality where the externally based Chinese
institution's parent institution is situated.
Article 4
The registration of external debts is divided into case-by-case
registration and regular registration.
Regular registration applies to external debts incurred by domestic
banks and non-bank financial institutions, and loans offered by foreign
governments and international monetary institutions which fall
respectively under the administration of the Ministry of Foreign Economic
Relations and Trade, the People's Bank of China, the Ministry of
Agriculture and the Bank of China.
Case-by-case registration applies to external debts incurred by
domestic departments other than those governed by regular registration,
and by enterprises (including foreign investment enterprises).
External debts incurred by monetary institutions as entrusted by
enterprises and other institutions are to be registered with the debtors
stipulated in the borrowing contracts handling the procedures for
registration.

Article 5
The procedures for regular registration are as follows:
(1) A debtor unit shall, within 15 days after the first contract on
borrowing is signed, go through registration procedures at the local
administration of exchange control, and receive an External Debts
Registration Certificate (herein-after referred to as the Registration
Certificate) for regular registration.
(2) When new contracts on borrowing are signed or alterations such as
drawing and repayment occur in the debt, a debtor unit shall fill in
monthly a form of the Signing of Contract on External Debts and a Form of
Feedback on the Alterations of External Debts (hereinafter referred to as
the Form of Feedback) registering department within 5 days after the end
of the month.
(3) When a debtor unit needs to open a foreign exchange cash account
with a bank, the unit shall, by submitting the Registration Certificate
and a document approving the opening of the account from the registering
department, go through the necessary procedures for opening a special
foreign exchange cash account relating to external debts (hereinafter
referred to as a special account for external debts) as an appointed bank
with which such an account is opened (hereinafter referred to as the
account opening bank), and send the receipt by mail the following day to
the registering department.

Article 6
The procedures for case-by-case registration are as follows:
(1) The debtor unit shall, within 15 days after a contract on
borrowing is signed, go through the procedures for the registration of
external debts by submitting a duplicate copy of the contract and the
document of approval for the borrowing (such a document of approval is not
necessary for foreign investment enterprises) at the registering
department, and receive a Registration Certificate for case-by-case
registration.
(2) When the borrowed funds are transferred into Chinese territories,
the debtor unit shall, with the remittance instruction and the
Registration Certificate, open a special account for external debts at the
account-opening bank, and go through the procedures for entering the item
into the account.
(3) When due repayment of principal and payment of interest are to be
made, the debtor unit shall, by submitting the Registration Certificate
and the instruction on repaying the principal and paying the interest, get
a document approving the repayment of principal and payment of interest
from the registering department in advance, and go through necessary
procedures at the account-opening bank for the repayment of principal and
payment of interest to be remitted out of the special account for external
debts by submitting the document of approval and the Registration
Certificate to the bank.
(4) After receipts and disbursements are handled and the procedures
for opening an account are implemented, the debtor unit shall fill in the
Form of Feedback in accordance with the instruments of receipts and
disbursements issued by the account-opening bank, and file the following
day the Form of Feedback and a duplicate copy of the certificate of
deposit with the registering department.

(5) A unit incurring a debt in the form of not being transferred into
China, from which no cash in foreign exchange is moved in but for which
repayment of principal and payment of interest are to be remitted out of
China, shall, after the debt has occurred, fill in a Form of Feedback,
and send by mail the following day a duplicate copy of the Form of
Feedback to registering department. When due repayment of principle and
payment of interest are to be made, the debtor unit shall, with the
documents of endorsement by the registration department, go the opening
bank to open a Special Foreign Currency Account for Repayment of Principal
and Payment of Interest Relating to External Debts (herein-after referred
to as special account for the repayment of principal and payment of
interest) with the account-opening bank, and go through necessary
procedures for the remitting of the repayment of principal and payment of
interest.
(6) A unit which deposits the borrowed money outside of Chinese
territories with approval from the State Administration of Exchange
Control or its branch offices shall, through the Form of Feedback, report
to the original registering department on the alterations of the deposit
in each month.
(7) No other accounts are required to be opened when domestic
institutions borrow money from foreign or Chinese-foreign joint venture
banks operating in China, but the domestic institutions shall go through
the procedures for registration and submit the monthly Form of Feedback as
is required by relevant regulations.
(8) When it is necessary for a debtor unit which has received a
Registration Certificate in its own locality to go through the procedures
for opening an account and making repayment of principal and payment of
interest at a bank in another locality, the debtor unit shall, by
submitting the Registration Certificate issued by the registering
department in its own locality, go through the procedures for approving
the repayment of principal and payment of interest as the registering
department in the other locality shall, 3 days after the procedures are
handled, file the duplicate copies of disbursements with the original
registering department.
Article 7
After the last repayment of principal and payment of interest are made
for the debt recorded in the Registration Certificate, the account-opening
bank shall immediately cancel the Special Account for the Repayment of
Principal and Payment of Interest related to the Registration Certificate.
The debtor unit shall return the Registration Certificate within 15 days
to the registering department for cancellation.

Article 8
An account-opening bank shall meet the following requirements:
(1) It must be a domestic bank which has been approved to deal in
foreign exchange;
(2) It can cooperate closely with the registering department in the
supervision over external debts.
The State Administration of Exchange Control and its branch offices
shall appoint account-opening banks in line with the requirements of
business.
Article 9
An account-opening bank shall fulfil the following obligations:
(1) Supervising the use of the accounts. The bank shall ensure that
funds in foreign exchange remitted into the Special Account for External
Debts and the Special Account for the Repayment of Principal and Payment
of Interest are only the funds recorded in the Registration Certificate,
and that funds in foreign exchange deposited in the accounts or
transferred from other accounts can only be used to pay for the equipment
and labour service of the project related to the debt, for the repayment
of principal and payment of interest, or for other usage which has been
approved by the registering department;
(2) Handling the transferring in and repaying of the debts in line
with the Registration Certificate and the document of approval, and filing
the instruments of receipts and disbursements with the registering
department the following day after the procedures are handled;
(3) Supervising external debts under case-by-case registration to
ensure that the transferring in of the loans and the repayment of
principal and payment of interest all go through the Special Account for
External Debts and Special Account for the Repayment of Principal and
Payment of Interest.
Article 10
In the event of any one of the following acts of violating these
Rules, the local administration of exchange control may impose a fine in
RMB on the party concerned, with the amount equivalent to not more than 3
percent of the external debt involved:
(1) Intentionally not to go through or to put off the handling of
procedures for the registration of external debts;
(2) Refusing to submit, or making false registration in, or at least
twice delaying the submission of the Form of Feedback to the
administration of exchange control;
(3) Foreign or altering the Registration Certificate;
(4) The fine shall be imposed on both the debtor and the account for
External Debts or a Special Account for the Repayment of Principal and
Payment of Interest is opened or retained without permission, or when the
repayment of principal and payment of interest are not made out of the
Special Account for the Repayment of Principal and Payment of Interest.

Article 11
The right to interpret these Rules resides in the State Administration
of Exchange Control.
Article 12
These Rules shall go into effect on the day of their promulgation.



1989年11月10日

国家税务总局关于各种性质的价外收入都应当征收增值税的批复

国家税务总局


国家税务总局关于各种性质的价外收入都应当征收增值税的批复
国税函发[1994]87号



北京市税务局:
你局京税一〔1994〕137号《关于各种代中央、地方财政收取的价外收入是否征收增值税的请示》悉。根据《中华人民共和国增值税暂行条例》第六条和《中华人民共和国增值税暂行条例实施细则》第十二条的规定,我局意见,对纳税人代中央、地方财政收取的各种价外收入都
应并入货物或应税劳务的销售额征收增值税。



1994年3月28日